7 Hobbies That Make Money for Women: The Astonishing Guide to Earning Big From Home!

Stephanie Ayala

Financial Growth

Womens Outfront Logo

7 Hobbies That Make Money for Women: The Astonishing Guide to Earning Big From Home!

Stephanie Ayala

Financial Growth

7 Hobbies That Make Money for Women: The Astonishing Guide to Earning Big From Home!

Turning Passion into Profit

Picture this: You’re unwinding after a long day, indulging in your favorite hobby. Imagine that this activity could put a few extra bills in your pocket. Sounds like a daydream, right?

But what if it’s not?

Welcome, my friends, to the enchanting world of hobbies that make money for women. We’re talking about transforming your ‘me-time’ into ‘money-time.’

Whether it’s penning down your thoughts, crafting unique creations, or capturing breathtaking photos, your passion can do more than just help you relax—it can contribute to your income too!

So, tighten up your apron, flex your fingers, and dust off that old camera because we’re about to embark on a fun-filled, inspiring journey to explore how you can turn your favorite hobbies into profitable ventures.

And who knows? That extra bit of cash could be the cherry on top of your well-deserved self-care sundae. Ready?

Let’s jump right in!

womens outfront butterfly logo

Key Takeaways

Hobbies that Make Money for Women

Follow Your Passion: The key to a profitable hobby is picking something you love. When you genuinely enjoy what you do, it won’t feel like work, and the chances of success are much higher.

Balance is Crucial: Juggling a hobby-turned-business with life’s other responsibilities requires prioritization, scheduling, and a sprinkle of self-care. Remember, balance is not about doing everything—it’s about doing what matters most.

Brand Your Hobby: Building a strong brand for your hobby business is vital. Identify your Unique Selling Proposition (USP), create an engaging online presence, and prioritize excellent customer service.

Celebrate Diversity: Each woman’s journey into monetizing a hobby is unique and should be celebrated. Whether you’re a stay-at-home mom, a career woman, a retiree, or a student, your hobby can open the door to financial independence and empowerment.

Hobbies that Make money for women graphic

The Perks of a Profitable Hobby

Why It’s More Than Just Fun and Games

Hobbies are a staple in our lives, aren’t they? They’re like the secret sauce that adds a dash of spice to our everyday routines, breaking the monotony of work, chores, and more work.

But what if we told you that these leisure activities can be so much more?

That’s right; we’re talking about hobbies that entertain you and can beef up your bank balance!

As we navigate through life, we often find solace and enjoyment in our hobbies. But what if these hobbies could offer more than just an escape from daily routines?

Top Ten Perks of Having a Profitable Hobby

What if they could provide a steady income stream, open up new career opportunities, or even become a full-fledged business? It may sound like a dream, but for many, this dream has turned into a reality.

The following explores the top ten perks of having a profitable hobby. Whether you’re an artist, a craftsman, a writer, or a gardening enthusiast, these benefits can offer new dimensions to your favorite pastime.

1. Extra Income

A primary advantage of a profitable hobby is the potential for additional income. This could be used to supplement your main income or save for special occasions or future plans.

2. Personal Satisfaction

Turning a hobby into a source of income can bring immense personal satisfaction. It lets you spend time doing something you love and earn money from it simultaneously.

3. Career Opportunities

A profitable hobby could evolve into a full-time business or provide a stepping stone to new career opportunities. Many successful businesses started as hobbies.

4. Skill Development

Running a profitable hobby often requires learning and developing new marketing, bookkeeping, and customer service skills. These skills are transferable and valuable in many different areas of life.

top ten perks of have a profitable hobby

5. Flexible Schedule

Profitable hobbies often allow for flexible schedules. You can work on them in your free time or adjust as needed based on your lifestyle and commitments.

6. Networking

If your hobby involves interaction with others, it could lead to meeting new people, networking, and making connections in various fields.

7. Stress Reduction

Engaging in a hobby you love and making money from it can also relieve stress. It allows you to take a break from regular work and focus on something enjoyable.

8. Boosted Creativity

Having a profitable hobby often requires a degree of creativity, which can benefit your problem-solving abilities and general well-being.

9. Financial Security

In times of economic uncertainty, having a profitable hobby can provide additional financial security.

10. Retirement Income

For those nearing retirement, a profitable hobby can be a great source of additional income and can make the transition to retirement smoother and less stressful.

Now, that’s a plot twist worth exploring, isn’t it?

Why Consider a Money-Making Hobby?

While the thought of monetizing a hobby might initially feel like blending work with pleasure (and who wants that, right?), consider the flip side of this shiny coin.

Imagine doing what you love and making money from it. No more dreading Mondays or counting down to the weekend. Instead, each day is a delightful adventure where your passion becomes your payday.

Money-making hobbies provide an avenue for additional income, flexing your entrepreneurial muscles, and gaining financial independence. They can also be a creative outlet that boosts your confidence, self-esteem, and sense of accomplishment.

While hobbies are often seen as leisure activities, the intersection of passion and profit can turn them into much more. The concept of a money-making hobby not only provides an opportunity to earn additional income but also brings a host of other advantages.

10 Compelling Reasons Why You Should Consider a Money-Making Hobby

Here are ten compelling reasons why you should consider embarking on a journey with a money-making hobby. From financial independence to potential career changes, let’s unravel the multifaceted benefits of transforming your hobby into a profitable venture.

1. Financial Independence

A money-making hobby can provide additional income and contribute to your financial independence.

2. Job Security

In uncertain economic times, a hobby that generates income can serve as a safety net, reducing reliance on a single source of income.

3. Utilize Spare Time

It’s a productive way to utilize spare time. Instead of wasting hours, you can invest time in something you love that generates income.

4. Self-Fulfillment

A deep sense of accomplishment and fulfillment comes from monetizing a hobby, which involves turning passion into profit.

5. Professional Growth

A money-making hobby can help develop or improve new skills, aiding professional growth.

6. Builds Entrepreneurial Skills

It fosters entrepreneurial thinking as you learn to manage, market, and grow your hobby into a profitable venture.

7. Flexibility

Unlike traditional jobs, profitable hobbies often offer flexible schedules, allowing you to work on your own terms.

8. Networking Opportunities

If your hobby involves selling products or services, it could provide networking opportunities with customers, suppliers, or other businesses.

9. Potential Career Change

Over time, your profitable hobby might grow enough to become a full-time career, offering a change of pace and passion-driven work.

10. Retirement Plan:

For retirees, a money-making hobby is a great way to stay active and engaged while also supplementing retirement income.

And let’s not forget the sweet bragging rights that come with it – “Oh, this gorgeous necklace? Just something I whipped up between a power nap and a binge-watch session of my favorite show!”

On top of all these goodies, money-making hobbies can help you develop new skills and might even pave the way for a full-fledged business down the line.

So, why not consider giving your hobbies a purpose beyond mere fun? After all, who said adulting can’t be profitable and enjoyable? Stay with us as we explore this treasure trove of opportunities called hobbies that make money for women.

The adventure has just begun!

Understanding the Landscape

Before we jump into the long list of potentially profitable hobbies, let’s take a moment to understand the terrain we’re about to navigate. It’s an exciting journey ahead, but as with any journey, understanding the landscape can be the key to a smoother ride.

Balancing Act: The Modern Woman’s Guide to Juggling Life and Hobbies

Modern women, we hear you! Between full-time jobs, house chores, family responsibilities, and trying to squeeze in a little bit of ‘me’ time, your plate is not just full; it’s overflowing.

Adding a hobby to the mix, and one that’s supposed to earn you money no less, might feel like stacking yet another hat on your already crowded hat rack.

But hold on to that thought, ladies. Think of it not as adding another item to your to-do list but as merging the ‘fun’ and ‘finance’ sections.

By turning a hobby into a source of income, you’re essentially blending relaxation with productivity. You’re earning while unwinding.

And isn’t that a balance we’re all aiming for?

The beauty of monetizing a hobby is that it blurs the line between work and play.

It’s like having your cake and eating it too! (And if baking happens to be your hobby, well, even better!)

So how does this magic happen?

Monetizing a hobby isn’t about chasing money; it’s about creating value. When you do something you love, you pour your heart into it, and that passion shines through. And guess what?

People are willing to pay for that passion. Be it beautifully handcrafted jewelry, delectable home-baked goodies, or an enlightening yoga class; your hobby creates something of value.

The trick lies in spotting that value and then finding ways to share it with others, all while getting paid for it. It’s not just about the extra cash (although that’s a pretty sweet perk!).

It’s about making your mark, sharing your passion, and inspiring others.

With that, ladies, fasten your seat belts as we zoom into the exciting world of hobbies that not just entertain but also enrich!

list of profitable hobbies

List of Profitable Hobbies

As we navigate the exciting terrain of hobbies that can rake in the moolah, let’s take a pit stop to admire some popular ones.

The beauty of these hobbies is that they are diverse and flexible, just like us women. They can be done from the comfort of your home, in the park, or even from a quaint cafe!

Freelance Writing

If playing with words and weaving stories is your thing, freelance writing could be your golden goose. The world always needs well-crafted words, from blog posts and articles to ebooks and marketing copy.

How to Get Started: Begin by honing your writing skills, explore different writing styles, and familiarize yourself with various content formats. Next, create a portfolio showcasing your best pieces. You can start by offering your services on freelance platforms like Upwork or Fiverr.

It’s like fishing, throw out your line and see who bites!

Blogging/Vlogging

Love sharing your personal experiences, expert knowledge, or unique perspectives? Blogging or vlogging might be your ticket to earning money.

How to Get Started: Choose a niche you’re passionate about. It could be anything from travel and fashion to home decor or tech reviews. Next, set up a blog site or a YouTube channel and create engaging content regularly. Remember, consistency is key. Rome wasn’t built in a day, and neither is a successful blog or vlog!

Crafting and Selling Handmade Items

If your fingers itch to create, crafting could be your hobby-turned-business. The possibilities are endless: jewelry, candles, knitted items, or even homemade soaps!

How to Get Started: Identify what you enjoy making and perfect your craft. Then, set up an online shop on platforms like Etsy, or sell at local craft fairs. Who knows, that necklace you just made might just catch someone’s eye!

Cooking/Baking Classes

If the kitchen is your sanctuary and you love concocting delicious delicacies, why not share your culinary skills? Teaching cooking or baking can be a delightful and profitable venture.

How to Get Started: Start by offering classes to friends and family or consider online platforms like Udemy. Before you know it, you’ll be the culinary maestro everyone’s raving about!

Gardening and Selling Produce or Plants

If you have a green thumb and find solace among plants, consider selling your homegrown produce or ornamental plants.

How to Get Started: Start by locally growing produce or plants in demand. You can sell them at local farmer’s markets or even online. Who wouldn’t want a homegrown, pesticide-free tomato in their salad?

Photography

Photography can be a fulfilling and profitable hobby if you have an eye for beauty and love capturing moments.

How to Get Started: Invest in a good camera and start clicking. You can sell your pictures to stock photo websites or offer your services for events. Soon, you’ll be freezing beautiful moments for yourself and others too!

Online Tutoring or Coaching

If you know how to explain complex concepts or love teaching, online tutoring can be your money-making hobby. You can teach anything from academic subjects to dance and music.

How to Get Started: Identify your strong subject and sign up on tutoring websites like Chegg Tutors. Or, start your own coaching classes. The world is your classroom!

Don’t forget to explore our related article for more inspiring hobbies specifically curated for women. Your next passion project might just be a click away!

Next, let’s look at some tips to kickstart these hobbies and turn them into cash cows. Keep reading; the excitement is just building up!

The How-To Section: Turning Your Hobby Into a Money Maker

Now that we’ve whetted your appetite with a platter of profitable hobbies let’s equip you with the cutlery you need to dig in. Here’s your how-to guide on turning your hobby into a veritable money-maker.

Identifying the Right Hobby for You

The secret ingredient in this recipe for success is you! Pick a hobby that you genuinely love, not just because it has money-making potential. Think about what you enjoy doing in your spare time.

What are you naturally good at? What makes you lose track of time?

Do you prefer solitary activities, or do you love interacting with people?

Answering these questions will help you zero in on the right hobby.

Practical Steps to Start Monetizing Your Hobby

Turning your hobby into a money-making venture can be as simple as A-B-C if you follow these steps:

Assess the Market

Do some research to understand the demand for your hobby-related product or service. Find out who your potential customers are and what they are willing to pay.

Brand Yourself

Build a brand around your hobby. This includes creating a catchy business name, a logo and establishing an online presence through a website or social media.

Cultivate a Business Mindset

Start thinking of your hobby as a business. This means setting goals, making a business plan, and tracking your expenses and income.

Potential Earnings from Each Hobby

The earnings from your hobby will depend on factors like the demand for your product or service, the time and effort you invest, and how effectively you market yourself.

That being said, here’s a rough estimate of what you can expect to make from each hobby:

Freelance Writing

Freelance writers can earn anywhere from $20 to $100 per hour, depending on their expertise and the project’s complexity.

Blogging/Vlogging

Once your blog or vlog gains traction, you can earn money through ad revenue, sponsored posts, and affiliate marketing. Successful bloggers and vloggers can make several thousand dollars a month.

Crafting and Selling Handmade Items

Depending on the item and its quality, you could make a few dollars to several hundred dollars per sale.

Cooking/Baking Classes

You can charge anywhere from $10 to $100 per class, depending on the class’s complexity and duration.

Gardening and Selling Produce or Plants

The earnings here can vary widely based on the type of produce or plants you sell. However, it’s common for hobbyist gardeners to make a few hundred dollars in a season.

Photography

Event photographers can charge a few hundred to a few thousand dollars per event. Stock photographers can earn a few cents to a few dollars per photo downloaded.

Online Tutoring or Coaching

Tutors can charge anywhere from $10 to $100 per hour, depending on the subject and level of tutoring.

Ready to get started?

Wait, we have more! Up next, real-life success stories to inspire you and practical tips to help you balance your new money-making hobby with your other responsibilities.

Stay tuned!

Empowering Narratives: Real Women, Real Stories

Every woman has a story. But some stories are like twinkling stars that guide us on our journey, inspire us, and give us the courage to create our own narratives.

Let’s get ready for a dose of inspiration as we share some incredible success stories of women who’ve turned their hobbies into income streams.

Success Stories of Women Who’ve Turned Hobbies into Income Streams

The Crafting Queen

Meet Martha, a mother of two who turned her love for crafting into a thriving online business. What started as a hobby to de-stress from her day job soon became profitable as friends and family began ordering her exquisite handmade jewelry.

Today, she runs her own Etsy shop and has expanded her business to include hand-poured candles and bath bombs. If you ask her secret, she’ll tell you, “Follow your passion, and success will follow you.”

The Baking Diva

Next, we have the story of Emily, a former corporate employee who loved baking so much that she quit her job and started a home-based bakery.

She started by offering baking classes to local community members, which soon expanded into catering for small events. Today, Emily runs a successful bakery and café in her town, and she couldn’t be happier.

Emily says, “I turned my love for baking into a way of life, and I wouldn’t have it any other way.

The Word Weaver

Let’s not forget about Lisa, a freelance writer who spun her love for words into a profitable career. She began writing as a hobby, publishing her work on a personal blog. As her readership grew, she started offering freelance writing services to businesses.

Today, she’s a sought-after content writer who’s also authored two bestselling novels. Lisa’s story is a reminder that when you do what you love, the world listens!

The Green Thumb Entrepreneur

Finally, there’s Sarah, a dedicated gardener who turned her backyard into a profitable vegetable and herb garden. Sarah began selling her organic produce at local farmers’ markets.

The demand was so high she now runs a subscription-based service delivering fresh, home-grown produce to her local community. Sarah’s story proves that a love for nature can indeed be fruitful!

As we marvel at these women and their incredible journeys, remember they all started with a simple hobby, just like you.

So, what’s your hobby?

More importantly, what’s your story going to be?

Stay with us as we’re about to dive into some practical tips to manage your time and keep that work-life-hobby balance intact.

Let’s get to it!

What Does the Research Say About Money-Making Hobbies?

Science, too, backs the idea of hobbies as money-makers. Studies show that pursuing a hobby can not only boost our mental health, but when this hobby becomes a source of income, it increases our overall life satisfaction.

A 2016 study published in the Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology found that individuals who engage in creative hobbies have better problem-solving abilities and feel more relaxed and accomplished. When these hobbies are also sources of income, they can significantly contribute to an individual’s sense of self-efficacy and financial security.

Furthermore, a research report by The Hustle indicates that the average American millennial spends approximately 5.3 hours per week on their side hustle, earning around $200 a month extra.
Over time, this can accumulate to a substantial amount.

So, turning hobbies into money-making ventures isn’t just a whim—it’s a scientifically validated path to improved well-being and financial stability. Now, how’s that for a morale booster?

Practical Tips and Strategies

We know juggling a hobby-turned-business with other responsibilities can feel like keeping a hundred plates spinning. But don’t worry; we’ve got your back.

Let’s go through some practical tips and strategies to help you balance your money-making hobby with life’s other roles.

Balancing Hobbies with Other Responsibilities

Balancing Your New Money-Making Hobby with Other Responsibilities

Prioritize

Remember, you cannot do everything at once. List your tasks and responsibilities and prioritize them based on urgency and importance.

Create a Schedule

Having a structured routine can be your lifesaver. Dedicate specific time slots for your hobby, business, personal life, and other responsibilities. A visual calendar or digital planner can help you see your commitments and manage your time effectively.

Learn to Say No

Knowing when to say no is crucial as you balance your hobby business with your life. If something doesn’t align with your priorities or doesn’t bring you joy, it’s okay to turn it down.

Delegate

You don’t have to do it all yourself. Delegating tasks, whether at home or in your hobby business, can free up your time for things that require your direct attention.

Self-Care

Remember, you can’t pour from an empty cup. Taking care of your mental and physical well-being is just as important as growing your hobby business.

Building Your Brand: Marketing Your Hobby

Your hobby business isn’t just about making money—it’s about sharing a piece of yourself with the world. It deserves to shine brightly.

Here’s how you can build your brand and market your hobby:

Identify Your Unique Selling Proposition (USP)

What makes your hobby business unique?

Maybe it’s the authentic touch you bring to your craft or your high-quality materials. This USP will help you stand out from the competition.

Create a Strong Online Presence

In today’s digital age, having an online presence is crucial. A well-designed website, an active social media presence, and engaging online content can help you connect with your audience and showcase your products or services.

Networking

Join online forums, local groups, or attend events related to your hobby. Building relationships can open doors to opportunities and collaborations.

Customer Service

Your customers are the heart of your hobby business. Provide excellent customer service, and your customers will become your brand ambassadors.

Continuous Learning

The market trends change rapidly. Keep learning and adapting to stay relevant. Attend webinars, read relevant books, or take online courses to expand your knowledge.

There you have it—your guide to turning your hobby into a money-making venture while keeping the fun alive. Now, isn’t that a win-win? But hold on; we’re not done yet. Up next, a final word of wisdom to give you that extra nudge. Keep reading!

Celebrating the Diversity of Women’s Experiences

We’re all beautifully unique, each with our own set of experiences, challenges, and triumphs. And as we navigate the world of money-making hobbies, we must honor these diverse narratives.

So let’s take a moment to explore the intersectional insights—how women from different walks of life experience and benefit from money-making hobbies.

Intersectional Insights

How Different Women Experience Money-Making Hobbies

Stay-at-Home Moms

For stay-at-home moms, turning a hobby into a money-making venture can be a great way to pursue their interests and contribute financially to the household. But it’s also a juggling act between childcare, household chores, and business tasks.

Their secret weapon? Time management and a strong support system.

Career Women

Juggling a full-time job and a side hustle is no small feat. It requires careful planning and a good dose of determination. But the rewards—extra income, creative satisfaction, and a break from the daily grind—make it all worth it.

Retirees

For many retired women, monetizing a hobby is more than just a source of income. It’s a way to stay active, engaged, and connected with the world. It’s the adventure they embark on, proving it’s never too late to pursue your passion.

Women in Different Socio-Economic Contexts

A profitable hobby can provide financial independence and empowerment for women in varying socio-economic contexts. It’s their canvas to create, innovate, and break away from the mold.

Students

For the young and ambitious, a money-making hobby is the perfect blend of education and entrepreneurship. It’s a fantastic way to learn, earn, and turn their passions into potential career paths.

Remember, each woman’s journey is unique, and so is yours.

Whether you’re a stay-at-home mom, a career woman, a retiree, or a student, your hobby can pave the way to a rewarding and profitable venture.

After all, who said you can’t have your cake and eat it too? So, what are you waiting for? It’s time to unleash your potential and turn your hobby into a money-spinner.

And hey, don’t forget to share this nugget of wisdom with the other superwomen in your life. Let’s empower each other, one hobby at a time.

Your Next Steps and the Power of Sharing

And there you have it! You’re now equipped with a treasure trove of knowledge on hobbies that make money for women. But remember, the real adventure begins when you take the first step.

So, pick a hobby that resonates with you, dive into it, and start your journey toward a rewarding and profitable pastime.

We understand that every woman’s journey is unique, with its ups, downs, and roundabouts. But remember, you’re not alone. We’re here to support you, and so is the community of amazing women who are embarking on the same journey.

We’d love for you to spread the joy and share this post with other women. Encourage them to discover the beauty of turning hobbies into money-making ventures. After all, there’s strength in numbers and immense power in shared stories.

If you have any questions or concerns or just want to share your exciting new hobby journey with us, we’re just a message away. Feel free to reach out to us; we’re here to listen, guide, and celebrate your victories with you.

Before you leave, don’t forget to check out our other articles that delve deeper into the world of hobbies, side hustles, and women’s empowerment. Because learning is a lifelong journey, and we’re here to walk with you every step of the way.

Here’s to celebrating your passion, chasing your dreams, and paving your own path to success. Because when women support each other, incredible things happen.

Happy hobbying, ladies!

More on Hobbies for Women

hobbies for women over 60

Hobbies for Women Over 60: The Mind-Blowing Activities That Will Transform Your Golden Years!

Unlocking the Golden Era of Exploration and Joy! Have you ever found yourself sipping a cup of tea, wondering how to add a sprinkle of … Read more
Outdoor Hobbies for Women

Outdoor Hobbies for Women: Step Outside and Ignite Your Passion Today!

From Concrete Jungles to Nature’s Nook Imagine the feeling of fresh air filling your lungs, the sunlight dancing on your skin, and the sound of … Read more
hobbies for women over 50

Hobbies for Women Over 50: Reclaim Your Passion and Ignite Your Spirit!

Age is Just a Number, Discover Your Passion Imagine a canvas of opportunities waiting for you to color it in, a new chapter of life … Read more
hobbies for women in their 40s

Hobbies for Women in their 40s: Transform Your Free Time Into Pure Magic!

A Gateway to Personal Growth Ever felt like you’re riding life’s roller coaster without a moment to catch your breath? If you’re a woman in … Read more
hobbies for women in their 30s

Hobbies for Women in Their 30s: Transform Your Free Time into Fun Time!

Your Passport to Stress-Free Living! Ah, the terrific 30s! You’re straddling the line between youthful exploration and growing responsibilities. It’s a thrilling yet demanding time … Read more
hobbies for women in their 20s

15 Hobbies for Women in Their 20s: Spark Joy and Master New Skills!

Unleashing the Power of Leisure Time Here’s a little secret: Your 20s are an exceptional time. They’re filled with possibilities, exploration, and, yes, a dash … Read more
hobbies for women

75 Hobbies for Women: Fuel Your Soul and Ignite Your Creativity!

Explore Inspiring Ways to Recharge and Rekindle Your Passions When life resembles a juggling act with work deadlines, family commitments, and domestic responsibilities, it’s easy … Read more

Eat the Frog Technique: Transform Your To-Do List into a Done List!

Time Management

How One Simple Change Can Revolutionize Your Day! Welcome to a journey where you conquer your day, one frog at a time! You’re not alone … Read more

9 Benefits of Time Management: How to Add More Hours to Your Day and Achieve Your Dreams!

Time Management

The Surprising Way to Boost Creativity and Success! Juggling the myriad roles of life can often feel like a high-wire act, especially for women who … Read more

Financial Resilience: 10 Steps That Will Completely Transform Your Financial Life!

Financial Growth

Find Insider Tips to Thrive Financially in Any Economy! Welcome to a journey where financial resilience isn’t just a buzzword but a real, achievable goal … Read more

50-30-20 Rule Revealed: Budget Like a Pro and Save More!

Financial Growth

Master the Art of Smart Money Management! Do you feel like your finances are more of a maze than a clear path? You’re not alone. … Read more

101 Powerful Time Management Quotes to Transform Your Day!

Time Management

Crush Your Goals Like Never Before! Mastering the art of time management can often feel like trying to catch lightning in a bottle, don’t you … Read more

women's outfront logo

OPEN YOUR HEART AND MIND AND SEE HOW HIGH YOU CAN FLY

Leave a Comment

Table of Contents